什么是非谓语动词?在一个句子中怎么判断非谓语动词?
定义
在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式,叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非谓语动词也是动词的一种,他们有着动词的其他特点,可以充当主语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语等。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
判断句子的成分一般由主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语,状语等构成。谓语一般要有动词担任,非谓语动词是不能独立担任谓语的。 但可以担任句子的其他成分:
(1).动词不定式可担任主语,宾语,表语,宾补,定语,状语等。
(2.)动名词可担任主语,表语,宾语,定语等。
(3).现在分词和过去分词可担任定语,表语,宾补,状语等。
例如: He came here to ask for his bike.他来这里要他的自行车。
分析句子成分: he(代词)做 主语, came(动词)做 谓语, here(副词)做状语,to ask for his bike(动词不等式短语)做目的状语。
例如:Hearing the news, he began to cry.
分析句子成分: hearing the news(非谓语动词)现在分词短语做状语,he 代词做主语,began 动词做谓语,to cry (非谓语动词)动词不等式做宾语。
非谓语动词用法(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.
不定式的形式:否定式:not + (to) do?
一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.?
进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:?
The boy pretended to be working hard.?
He seems to be reading in his room.?
完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.?
(二)动名词: 动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能.
动名词的形式: 否定式:not + 动名词
一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.
被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会.
完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部**.
完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过.
否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告.
复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦.
(三)现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能.
现在分词的形式: 否定式:not + 现在分词?
现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语.例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去.
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球.
现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作.
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要.
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误.
(四)过去分词:
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成.不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住.
过去分词的句法功能:?
过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行.
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会.
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面.过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句.
过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了.
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕.
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态.区别:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成.如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等.
过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次.
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了.
过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了.(表示时间)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.(表示条件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子.(表示让步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞.
动词变动名词的规则是什么?
二、动词变为名词的方法
1.词形不变,词性改变。例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词,也可以用作名词。
2. 一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示“某一类人”的名词。例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer, jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner, visit—visitor, invent—inventor等。
注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r。例如:drive—driver, write—writer等。
2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个子音字母的动词,应双写末尾的子音字母,再加-er。例如:run—runner, win—winner, begin—beginner等。
3. 在动词词尾加-ing变成名词(方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)。例如: meet—meeting, build—building, wait—waiting, wash—washing, swim—swimming, shop—shopping, begin—beginning等。
1.直接加ing 如:doing
2.以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加ing 如:ride--riding
3. 重读闭音节结尾,双写最后的子音字母再加ing 如:beginning
英文里动词变动名词的规则?第一种:放在 介词的后面一定要加上ing
第二种:放在某些固定的动词后面:imagine/ advice/ insist on等等,查阅资料你会知道都有哪些词
动词变名词的规则(英语)
动词变名词很多都是加字尾构成的.
(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人
1)-an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人,精通……的人”American, historian,
2)-al, 表示"具有……职务的人" principal,
3)-ant,-ent, 表示"……者” merchant, agent, servant, student,
4)-ar, 表示"……的人” scholar, liar, peddler
5)-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人”coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者)
6)-arian, 表示"……派别的人, ……主义的人”humanitarian, vegetarian
7)-ary, 表示"从事……的人" secretary, missionary
8)-ant, 表示"具有……职责的人" candidate, graduate
9)-ator, 表示"做……的人" educator, speculator(投机者)
10)-crat, 表示"某种政体,主义的支持者" democrat, bureaucrat
11)-ee, 表示"动作承受者" employee, examinee
12)-eer, 表示"从事于……人" engineer, volunteer
13)-er, 表示"从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人" banker, observer, Londoner, villager
14)-ese, 表示" ……国人,…..地方的人”Japanese, Cantonese
动名词的复构英文语法拉杂谈--动名词
在还没谈动名词之前,让我们先看看下面的句子:
1. The girl is singing a song.
2. The girl singing now is my sister.
3. Singing is one of her hobbies(爱好).
三个句子中都有singing。第一个句子的singing是常见的现在进行式(Present
Continuous),是说眼下正在做什么;第二个句子的singing是现在分词(Present
Participle),它把sing这个动词转为形容词,但仍有动词的成份(哈哈,这么一说,
要把你搞晕了吧 :-) 。关于分词,以后有空再谈吧,OK?)。好戏在后头,你看看第
三个句子的singing到底是什么东东呀?原来就是我们的主角动名词(Gerund)了!你
看,sing原本是个动词,可是现在它加上ing后,看来竟像是一个名词了。怎么,好玩
吧?
因此记住,不要以为一个动词加上ing后都是现在进行式呀!动名词可分为两大类:
一、名词性的动名词(Nominal Gerund)
Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠词(Definite article,如 the)或不定冠词
(Indefinite article,如 a, an),其他可加在动名词前的还有如:my, this, some,
any, all, no 等等。举例如下:
1. The mellow(愉快地) singing of the birds announces the ing of spring.
(singing前加定冠词 the及形容词mellow;ing 前加 the)
2. We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling(沙沙声) in
the bushes.
(rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词 faint)
从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词;但它和真正的名词还是有区别的,那
就是没有单数或复数之分。不过,有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔,如:
saying, writing, opening, painting, cutting, heading, feeling, being,
saving, surrounding, crossing, misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数的喔,
方法就是在它们的后面加个s,如:paintings。
二、动词性的动名词(Verbal Gerund)
看看下面的句子:
Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher.
上面的句子里的writing是动名词,但前面有副词carelessly(粗心地),后面又有受
词(Object) essays。因此writing就有动词的特征。
注意:Verbal Gerund 这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词(the, a, an ...)喔。
好,今天就谈到这里,更多关于动名词的事下回再谈。如果诸位不怕头晕的,请再来试
试,嘿嘿!
谈谈动名词(Gerund)(二)
动名词的功能与用法
一、在句子中用作主语(Subject)或主语的补语(Subject Complement):
1.1 作主语
1. Listening to music gives me pleasure. (主语Listening )
2. Running is good exercise. (主语running)
3. Walking to school is a good idea. (主语walking)
1.2 作主语的补语
1. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (补语sleeping)
2. Seeing is believing. (主语seeing, 补语believing)
1.3 主语置于句尾
1.3.1 用 It + be + ... +v-ing 句型
1. It is fun speaking English.
2. It is of great importance fighting against pollution(污染).
1.3.2 用 It is 后接 no use. no good, fun 等的句型
1. It is no use learning theory without practice.
2. It is no fun being lost in rain.
1.3.3 用 It is 后接 useless, nice, good, interesting, worthwhile 等的句型
1. It is worthwhile taking this into consideration.
1.3.4 用 There + be + no + v-ing 的句型
1. There is no joking about such matters.
2. There is no getting along with him. (简直无法与他相处)
如何?感到头晕了吗?不怕的再来吧。再见。
谈谈动名词(Gerund)(三)
二、动名词也可以作宾语(Object)
2.1 作动词/动词短语的宾语(置于动词或动词短语的后面)
1. I cannot help laughing. (我禁不住笑了起来)(宾语laughing)
2. You should avoid quarrelling with your sister. (宾语quarrelling)
3. You should practice speaking English more. (宾语speaking)
注意:上面三个句子中的动词:help, avoid, practice 只能用动名词作宾语。这类
动词还有:
dislike 厌恶 admit 接受 repent 后悔 acknowledge 承认
enjoy 享受 escape避免 deny 否认 postpone 延迟
resent 怨恨 mind 介意 miss 错过 risk 冒风险
finish 完成 avoid 避免 delay 耽误 consider 认为
fancy 想象 excuse 原谅 include 包括 imagine 想象
resist 抵制 suggest 建议 ……
还有短语类:
keep (on)继续 don't mind 不介意 cannot help 不禁 give up 放弃
put off 延迟 leave off 停止 burst out 闯出 ……
再请注意:有一些动词除了可接动名词外,也可接不定词(infinitive)。例子如下:
1. I prefer living in an apartment. (动词prefer接动名词 living)
2. I prefer to live in an apartment. (动词prefer接不定词 to live)
像上面两个句子的意思没什么不同。如 prefer 这一类的动词还有:
allow deserve neglect attempt
fear omit begin hate
permit bother intend cease
like remend continue love
start s fet regret
propose try continue remember
need ……
其实如hate, love, like之类动词,接动名词和接不定词的句子,意思是会有些不
同的,这就留给大家去研究吧,hihi……
2.2 作介词(Preposition)的宾语(Object)
1. I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble. (介词for,宾语giving)
2. The book is worth reading. (介词worth, 宾语reading)
3. I reached him by calling his office. (介词by, 宾语calling)
4. The police arrested(逮捕)him for speeding. (介词for, 宾语speeding)
注意:在下列的句子结构中,介词 in 被省略掉:
1. She is busy (in) correcting her exercises.
2. He spent o hours (in) reading book.
3. There is no use (in) talking with him now.
4. Is it any good (in) taking cold water baths?
2.3 作"名词+介词"的宾语
请看下列的句子:
1. I have the pleasure of speaking to the famous author. (pleasure of + 宾
语speaking)
2. He takes a great interest in studying languages. (interest in + 宾语
studying)
这一类"名词+介词"的还有:
danger of fear of objection to
delight to habit of opportunity for /of
excuse for experience in love in
reason for ……
好了,好了,看到这里,你是不是需要一点风油呢?呵呵!Gerund还没谈完呢,再会
吧。
谈谈动名词(Gerund)(四)
三、句子中动名词的逻辑主语(Implied Subject)
什么是动名词的逻辑主语呢?在句子中,除了原有的主语之外,属于动名词的"主语
",也就称为"逻辑主语",一般位于动名词的前面。
3.1 在动名词前加"物主代词(如:my, his...)"或"名词所有格(如:Mary's,
Dog's...)"
1. His ing here helped us a lot. (主语/逻辑主语his, 动名词ing)
2. Tom's escaping from the prison made trouble for the jailer.(主语/逻辑主
语Tom,动名词escaping)
3.2 作宾语(Object)的动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,在动名词前加"物主代词"或"名
词所有格"
1. Do you mind my *** oking in the romm? (逻辑主语my, 动名词 *** oking)
2. He insisted on Mary's staying there. (逻辑主语Mary, 动名词staying)
注意:作为逻辑主语的名词/代词为无生命时,则用通格(of the):
1. I cannot say there is no fear of the news spreading among intimate
friends. (逻辑主语news)
3.3 在下列情况中,不能使用所有格:
3.3.1 代词为 all, both, each, few, several, some, this 等作为逻辑主语时:
1. I remember all of them saying it .
3.3.2 数词、名词化形容词(如 the three, the old...)作逻辑主语时:
1. In spite of the three telling the same story, I could not believe
it.
3.3.3 结构中的逻辑主语是名子或短语,或受从句或短语修饰时:
1. Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking
a little louder?
真是烦死人了!还好,"动名词"最难的一关要算是"逻辑主语"了。如果你闯过后,接下
来的就轻松得多了。哈哈……
谈谈动名词(Gerund)(五)
四、动名词的语态
4.1 被动式(being + v-ed)
当动名词的逻辑主语所表示的是动作的物件时,动名词要用被动语态。
1. He dislikes being interrupted(被打岔) in his speech.
2. They couldn't stand being treated(被对待) like that.
4.2 完成式 (having + v-ed)
动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前,要用完成式。
1. We regret having been unable to inform you of the meeting.
2. The students' having done(完成) the work so well made us very happy.
4.3 完成式的被动语态 (having been + v-ed)
1. I heard of his having been chosen(被选为) to be the coach of the team.
2. Some of our customers plained of having been treated(被对待)
rudely.
4.4 在动词 need, want, require, deserve 之后的动名词(作为宾语),要用主动
语态来表示被动的意思。
1. The flowers in the garden want watering(需要浇水).
2. That's one of those questions that really don't need answering(不需回
答).
五、作定语 (Attribute)
动名词放在所修饰的名词前面作为定语,表示该名词的用途或有关的动作。
1. sleeping car 卧车
2. walking stick 手杖
3. printing shop 印务馆
4. reading room 阅读室
5. swimming pool 泳池
6. washing machine 洗衣机
7. dining room 饭厅
六、在英文正式语体里,动名词可放在前置词(Preposition)后,以替代副词/状语的子
句(Adverbial Clauses)
例:1. In case customers encounter difficulties, they should ring the
following number:...
2. In case of encountering difficulties, customers should ring the
following number:...
第二个句子的"In case of "动名词短句(Gerund Phrase) 取代第一个句子的 "In
case" 副词子句。
下列都是这类例子:
1. In spite of doing his best, the pupil was reproached. (In spite of )
2. Despite ing in time, the visitors were not admitted. (despite)
3. For all his arguing, the teacher could not convince us. (for all)
4. The fireman distinguished himself by doing his duty to the utmost. (by)
5. In sending us the book you proved to be reliable. (In)
6. Instead of blaming the boy, the teacher encouraged him. (instead of )
7. The girl left without saying a word. (without)
8. The boy was blamed for breaking the window. (for)
9. The children got tired from learning too much. (from)
10. After spending the holidays with us, our nephew went back to England.
(after)
11. Before going to bed, I opened the window. (before)
12. On arriving at the station, John was weled by his friends. (on)
13. Since leaving school, I have not seen my teacher. (since)
英语中动词变名词的规则动词变名词是通过新增字尾完成的
具有某种职业或动作的人
1) -an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人,精通……的人" American, historian,
2) -al, 表示"具有……职务的人" principal,
3)-ant,-ent, 表示"……者" merchant, agent, servant, student,
4)-ar, 表示"……的人" scholar, liar, peddler
5)-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人" coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者)
6)-arian, 表示"……派别的人, ……主义的人" humanitarian, vegetarian
7) -ary, 表示"从事……的人" secretary, missionary
8)-ant, 表示"具有……职责的人" candidate, graduate
9)-ator, 表示"做……的人" educator, speculator(投机者)
10) -crat, 表示"某种政体,主义的支持者" democrat, bureaucrat
11) -ee, 表示"动作承受者" employee, examinee
12) -eer, 表示"从事于……人" engineer, volunteer
13) -er, 表示"从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人" banker, observer, Londoner, villager
14) -ese, 表示" ……国人,…..地方的人" Japanese, Cantonese
15) -ess, 表示"阴性人称名词, actress, hostess, manageress
16) -eur, 表示"……家" *** , littérateur
17) -ian, 表示"……地方人,信仰…….教的人,从事……职业的人" Christian, physician(内科医生), musician
18) -ician, 表示"精通者, ……家," electrician, magician, technician
19) -icist, 表示"……家, …….者, …….能手" physicist, phoicist, technicist
20) -ic, 表示"……者,……师" mechanic, critic
21) -ie, 表示"爱,指小" dearie, auntie, lassie(小姑娘)
22) -ier, 表示"从事……职业" cavalier, clothier, brazier(黄铜匠)
23) -ine, ian, 表示"阴性人称" heroine, ballerina
24) -ist, 表示"从事……研究者, 信仰……主义者" pianist, munist, dentist, artist, chemist
25) -ive, 表示"动作者,行为者" native, captive
26) -logist, 表示"……学家,研究者" biologist, geologist(地质学家)
27) -or, 表示"……者" author, doctor, operator,
28) -ster, 表示"做…….事情的人" youngster, gamester(赌徒),songster
29) -yer, 表示" 从事……职业者" lawyer
构成,具有抽象名词的含义
1)-acy, 表示"性质,状态,境遇" auracy, diplomacy
2)-age, 表示"状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称" courage, storage, marriage
3)-al, a) 表示"事物的动作,过程" refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval
b) 表示具体的事物 manual, signal, editorial, journal
4)-ance, -ence表示"性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度" endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience
5)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质,状态,行为,过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency,
6)-bility, 表示"动作,性质,状态" possibility, feasibility,
7)-craft, 表示"工艺,技巧" woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft(治国策)
8)-cracy, 表示"统治,支配" bureaucracy, democracy
9)-cy, 表示"性质,状态,职位,级别" bankruptcy(破产),supremacy
10) -dom, 表示"等级,领域,状态" freedom, kingdom, wisdom
11) -ery, -ry, 表示"行为,状态,习性" bravery, bribery, rivalry
12) -ety, 表示"性质,状态" variety, dubiety(怀疑)
13) -faction, -facture, 表示"作成,……化,作用" satisfaction, manufacture
14) -hood, 表示"资格,身份, 年纪,状态" childhood, manhood, falsehood
15) -ice, 表示"行为,性质,状态" notice, justice, service
16) -ine, 表示"带有抽象概念" medicine, discipline, famine
17) -ing, 表示"动作的过程,结果" building, writing, learning
18) -ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示"行为的过程,结果,状况" action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction
19) -ise, 表示"性质,状态" exercise, merchandise(商业)
20) -i *** , 表示"制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为" sociali *** , critici *** , colloquiali *** , heroi ***
21) -ity, 表示"性质,状态,程度" purity, reality, ability, calamity
22) -ment, 表示"行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument
23) -mony, 表示"动作的结果,状态" ceremony, testimony
24) -ness, 表示"性质,状态,程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness
25) -or, -our, 表示"动作,性质,状态" favor, error,
26) -osity, 表示"动作,状态" curiosity
27) -ship, 表示"情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业" hardship, membership, friendship
28) -th, 表示"动作,性质,过程,状态" depth, wealth, truth, length, growth
29) -tude, 表示"性质,状态,程度" latitude, altitude(海拔)
30) -ure, 表示"行为,结果" exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续),
31) -y, 表示"行为的结果,状态,性质" glory, history, victory, inquiry
带有场所,地方的含义
1)-age, 表示"住所,地点" village, cottage
2)-ary, 表示"住所,场地" library, granary (谷仓)
3)-ery, ry, 表示"工作场所,饲养所,地点" laundry, nursery, surgery(手术室)
4)-ory, 表示"工作场所,住处" factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory
带有学术,科技含义
1)-grapy, 表示"……学,写法" biography, calligraphy, geography
2)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" logic, mechanics, optics, electronics
3)-ology, 表示"……学……论" biology, zoology, technology(工艺学)
4)-nomy, 表示"……学……术" astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学)
5)-ery, 表示"学科,技术" chemistry, cookery, machinery
6)-y, 表示"……学,术,法" photography, philosophy
表示人和事物的总和,集合含义
1)-age, baggage, tonnage
2)-dom, newspaperdom(新闻界)
3)-hood, neighbourhood, womanhood
4)-ery, cavalry, ministry(内阁)
5)-ure, legislature, judicature
表示物品和物质名称的含义
1)-ant, ent, solvent, constant
2)-al, signal, pictorial(画报)
3)-ar, collar, pillar(石柱)
4)- er, boiler, puter, washer, cooker
5)-ery, drapery(绸缎)
6)-ing, clothing, matting,
7)-ment, instrument, equipment, attachment
表示"细些?的含义
1)-cle, particle,
2)-cule, molecule(分子)
3)-el, parcel
4)-en, chicken, maiden
5)-et, pocket, ticket
6)-etta, -ette, etto, cigarette, essayette(短文)
7)-kin, napkin
8)-ling, duckling,
9)-let, booklet
10) -y, baby, doggy
后接不定式,动名词的动词不知道你学了多少 我先把我知道的写出来吧~
to为介词,后接doing
see to (负责)
devote to
pay attention to
get down to (认真处理)
look forward to
turn to doing (改行..)
stick to
object to
be suited to
due to
owing to
refer to
admit to
key...to
lead to
be equal to(能胜任;等同于)
adapt to
adjust to
be fundamental to
be dddicted to
witness to
submit to(being done) 服从
be austomed to
cater to
appeal to
+doing
suggest
imagine
avoid
can't help
mind
enjoy
finish
delay
miss
mention
risk
stand
bear
resist
pardon
appreciate
postpone
prevent
involve
quit
ban
可加to do 也可加doing 的
practise
advise
consider
forbid
allow
report
encourage
permit
require
OK~结束啦~
累死我了...希望对你有帮助~
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