英语语法:who (whom) 和that的用法区别详解
一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时,只能用who (whom)。
如:
My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐,她在国外学习,就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。
(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时,只能用who (whom)。
如:
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗?
(3) 当先行词为people和those时,只能用who (whom)。
如:
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。
(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 时,只能用who (whom)。
如:
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。
(5) 先行词指人,而关系代词在从句中作主语时,一般多用who。
如:
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。
(6) 在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who (whom)。
如:
There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我们班有些学生你见过。
(7) 当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时,若一个定语从句的引导词为that, 那么,另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。
如:
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. 刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。
二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形
(1) 当先行词前面有形容词的级或序数词修饰时,引导词只能用that。
如:
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的哪个运动员来自山东。
(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very形容词修饰时,引导词只能用that。如:
He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是的一个对老师说“不”的学生
(3) 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时,引导词只能用that。
如:
Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁?
(4) the same as 与 the same that
the same as所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物;the same that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物,即:同一事物。
如:
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含:她偷了我的上衣)
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含:她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)
定语从句中 that和where,who用法有什么区别
定语从句中,who只能用来指代人,that既可指代人也可指代事物。
逗号后面不可以用that,也就是that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
eg. The girl, who is a student, is my sister.
这里就不可以用that。
一.词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词
句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句
代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主语 Who which that
主语 Whom which that
宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例1:This is the detective who came from London.
例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2.关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which.例如:
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which, who,或whom.例如:
(3) 非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略.例如:
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念.在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人.例如:
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句中.
(6) which可作表语,既可指人,以可指物.指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征.品性或才能的人.Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的.
(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who.
(8) 先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that.例如:
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom,不用 which.例如:
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3.“介词+关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构
(1) “介词+关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句.“介词+关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that .
(2) from where为“介词+关系副词“结构,但也可以引导定语从句.例如:
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开.例如:
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二.关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间.地点或原因.关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where 充当地点状语,why充当原因状语.
2. that可引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因
That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因,在 that引导的这种定语从句中,that也可以省去.
三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.二者差异比较
限制定语从句紧跟先行词,同先行词这间一般不加逗号,仅修饰先行词,可以由关系代词.关系副词或that来引导.非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明,用逗号与主句隔开,既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导.
2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词,作主语.宾语或表语的可选用关系代词.
3. 先行词与定语从句隔离
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分,构成先行词与定语从句的隔离.例如:
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited
四.As在定语从句中的用法
1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(1)as多与such 或the same连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词.
(2)as 也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于which.例如:
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
(3)the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的.
2.As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面.中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后.例如:
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
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