Alternative 和 Indie 的区别是什么

Indie Rock 独立摇滚

Indie取自“independent”一词，被用来指那些在音乐上坚持DIY（Do It Yourself）精神的乐及一些低预算的小厂牌（独立厂牌）所推出的音乐，天长日久也成了一种音乐类型

Indie在某种意义上已经不仅代表一种音乐类型，而是符合Indie精神所有音乐的代称独立摇滚（Indie Rock），独立摇滚脱胎于80年代的地下摇滚和另类音乐，它强调乐队需要不受干扰地按照自己的思想制作音乐。独立摇滚祟尚朋克乐的“DIY”精神，具有极度鲜明的个性特色，因此很少被主流音乐所接受。同时它又借鉴了各个乐种的特色，在90年代衍生出许多风格迥异的分支。坚持自己的观点和见解就是独立摇滚的精髓所在。

Alternative Rock 叫另类摇滚

凡是受朋克显著影响的摇滚乐，统称为另类摇滚。

另类摇滚之所以叫另类摇滚，因为它本来确实是另类的。它在70年代是地下的，在80年代是半地下的，在90年代上升为主流，这时已经不是“另类”了，但是由于历史原因“另类摇滚”一词保留了下来。所以今天听到的主流摇滚乐，虽然大家都在听，仍然叫另类摇滚。

独立摇滚和另类摇滚的区别：前者强调的是发行厂牌的规模，后者强调的是受众多少。然而，在90年代涅盘取得巨大成功，2000年代互联网上涌现出一批热门的独立乐队之后，现在无论是独立摇滚还是另类摇滚，都已成为主流音乐类型了。它仍然叫“另类摇滚”是为了保持和以前叫法的一致。

换句话说，以前是另类的，现在变成了主流，这种现象在艺术领域屡见不鲜。贝多芬和斯特拉文斯基刚出来的时候，是绝对的另类，但是时间改变了另类与否的标准。

一些歌手的音乐分类

这是截自freedictionary 有关country music 的资料，文太长，其余的已发消息给你了。您按需要自己整理一下吧！

Country music, the first half of Billboard's country and western music category, is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States. It has roots in traditional folk music, Celtic music, blues, gospel music, hokum, and old-time music and evolved rapidly in the 1920s.[1] The term country music began to be used in the 1940s when the earlier term hillbilly music was deemed to be degrading, and the term was widely embraced in the 1970s, while country and western has declined in use since that time.

In the Southwestern United States a different mix of ethnic groups from Mexico, the British Isles, Germany, and the Czech Republic created the music that became the Western music of the term Country Western.

Country music has produced two of the top selling solo artists of all time. Elvis Presley, “The Hillbilly Cat”, appeared on the Louisiana Hayride for three years, went on to help define rock ‘n’ roll, and became known as “The King.” Garth Brooks, except for a short foray into non-country near the end of his recording career, recorded and performed country music and is one top selling solo artist.

As of 2007, country is the most popular radio format in America, reaching 77.3 million adults--almost 40 percent of the adult population--every week.

Country music is a catch-all category that embraces several different music genres. Each style is unique in its execution, use of rhythms, and its chord structures. Country music subgenres include:

Nashville sound (the pop-like music very popular in the 1960s); bluegrass, a fast mandolin, banjo, and fiddle-based music popularized by Bill Monroe and by Flatt and Scruggs; Western, which encompasses traditional Western cowboy campfire ballads and Hollywood cowboy music made famous by Roy Rogers, The Sons of the Pioneers, and Gene Autry; Western swing, a sophisticated dance music popularized by Bob Wills; the Bakersfield sound which used the new Fender Telecaster guitars, a big drum beat, and dance style music that would catch your attention like "a freight train running" (Buck Owens) (popularized by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard); outlaw country made famous in the 1970s by Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Billy Joe Shaver, David Allan Coe, Jerry Jeff Walker, Mickey Newbury, Kris Kristofferson and Hank Williams, Jr.; Cajun and zydeco; honky tonk; Old-time music; rockabilly; neotraditional country.

Early history

Immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of the Old World along with them for nearly 300 years. The Irish fiddle, the German derived dulcimer, the Italian mandolin, the Spanish guitar, and the African banjo were the most common musical instruments. The interactions among musicians from different ethnic groups produced music unique to this region of North America. Appalachian string bands of the early 20th century primarliy consisted of the fiddle, guitar, and banjo. This early country music along with early recorded country music is often referred to as Old-time music.

Throughout the nineteenth century, several immigrant groups from Central Europe and the British Isles moved to Texas. These groups interacted with the Spanish, Mexican, Native American, and U.S. communities that were already established in Texas. As a result of this cohabitation and extended contact, Texas has developed unique cultural traits that are rooted in the culture of all of its founding communities. The settlers from the area now known as Germany and the Czech Republic established large dance halls in Texas where farmers and townspeople from neighboring communities could gather, dance, and spend a night enjoying each other’s company. The music at these halls, brought from Europe, included the waltz and the polka, played on an accordion, an instrument invented in Italy, which was loud enough to fill the entire dance hall.

Early recorded history

Columbia Records began issuing records with "hillbilly" music (series 15000D "Old Familiar Tunes") as early as 1924. A year earlier on June 14, 1923 Fiddlin' John Carson recorded "Little Log Cabin in the Lane" for Okeh Records.[7] Vernon Dalhart was the first country singer to have a nationwide hit in May of that same year with "The Wreck of Old '97". Other important early recording artists were Riley Puckett, Don Richardson, Fiddlin' John Carson, Al Hopkins, Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers and The Skillet Lickers. The steel guitar entered country music as early as 1922, when Jimmie Tarlton met famed Hawaiian guitarist Frank Ferera on the West Coast.

The origins of modern country music can be traced to two seminal influences and a remarkable coincidence. Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family are widely considered to be the founders of country music, and their songs were first captured at a historic recording session in Bristol, Tennessee/Bristol, Virginia on August 1, 1927, where Ralph Peer was the talent scout and sound recordist.

Rodgers fused hillbilly country, gospel, jazz, blues, pop, cowboy, and folk; and many of his best songs were his compositions, including “Blue Yodel”, which sold over a million records and established Rodgers as the premier singer of early country music.

Beginning in 1927, and for the next 17 years the Carters recorded some 300 old-time ballads, traditional tunes, country songs, and Gospel hymns, all representative of America's southeastern folklore and heritage.

Singing Cowboys, Western Swing, and Hillbilly Boogie

During the 1930s and 1940s Cowboy songs, or “Western music”, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Some of the popular singing cowboys from the era were, Gene Autry, the Sons of the Pioneers, and Roy Rogers.

Another “country” musician from the Lower Great Plains had become very popular as the leader of a “hot string band”, and who also appeared in Hollywood Westerns was Bob Wills. His mix of “country” and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, would become known as Western Swing. Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popluar bands and appeared in films. At the height of its popularity, Western Swing rivaled the popularity of other big band jazz.

Country musicians began playing boogie in 1939, shortly after it had been played at Carnegie Hall, when Johnny Barfield recorded "Boogie Woogie". The trickle of what was initially called Hillbilly Boogie, or Okie Boogie (later to be renamed Country Boogie), became a flood beginning around late 1945. One notable country boogie from this period was the Delmore Brothers' "Freight Train Boogie", considered to be part of the combined evolution of country music and blues towards rockabilly. In 1948 Arthur Smith achieved Top 10 US country chart success with his MGM Records recordings of "Guitar Boogie" and "Banjo Boogie", with the former crossing over to the US pop charts. The Hillbilly Boogie period lasted into the 1950s, and remains as one of many subgenres of country into the 21st century.

Honky Tonk

Perhaps no other style of country music has had a greater influence on today's artists than the style known as Honky Tonk. Honky Tonk music embodied the spirit of dancing and drinking, and of loving and then losing the one you love. Its greatest practitioners owe their singing style to Jimmie Rodgers and much of the music to the steel guitar and drums of Bob Wills and Western Swing.

Hank Williams

Jimmie Rodgers is a major foundation stone in the structure of country music, but the most influential artist who was influenced by Rogers is undoubtedly Hank Williams, Sr. During the years 1949 through 1953, Williams had 7 songs in Billboard's annual Top 5 Country singles, and of the 66 songs recorded under his own name, an astonishing 37 were hits. His songs have been not only been covered by many country artists, they have also been recorded by jazz, pop, and rhythm and blues. Examples of those who reintrepreted his songs are: Tony Bennett (1951), Bob Dylan, jazz diva Norah Jones, crooner Perry Como, R&B star Dinah Washington, and British punk band, The The. Songs such as "Cold, Cold Heart" and "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" have long been pop standards.

Williams had two personas: as Hank Williams he was a singer-songwriter and entertainer; as Luke the Drifter, he was a songwriting crusader. The complexity of his character was reflected in the introspective songs he wrote about heartbreak, happiness and love such as I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry and Your Cheating Heart; and more upbeat numbers about Cajun life ("Jambalaya") or cigar store Indians ("Kaw-Liga").

Lefty Frizzell

Acquiring the nickname 'Lefty' after disposing of several opponents with his left hand during an unsuccessful attempt to become a Golden Gloves boxing champion, the Corsicana, Texas-born (1928) singer-songwriter-guitarist began life as William Orville Frizzell.

A childhood performer, at 17 he could be found playing the honky-tonks and dives of Dallas and Waco, molding his early, Jimmie Rodgers-stylings to his environment, thus creating a sound that was very much his own. In 1950, Frizzell exploded onto the charts with, "If You've Got the Money, I've Got the Time", claiming a chart position for some 20 weeks..

In the history of Country Music, a direct line can be drawn from Jimmie Rodgers to Lefty Frizzell to Merle Haggard to George Strait. Their styles and themes are similar but each has added something new to the genre.

The 1950s and 1960s

By the late 1940's, Nashville began to slowly integrate the popular big band jazz and swing sounds of top 40 radio with the honky tonk storytelling of country pioneers. Between 1947 and 1949, country crooner Eddy Arnold placed a total of 8 songs in the top 10.

The countrypolitan sound of Nashville

Beginning in the mid 50's, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the "Nashville Sound" turned country music into a multimillion-dollar industry centered on Nashville, Tennessee. Under the direction of producers such as Chet Atkins, Owen Bradley, and later Billy Sherrill, the "Nashville sound" brought country music to a diverse audience and helped revive country as it emerged from a commercially fallow period. This sound was notable for borrowing from 1950s pop stylings: a prominent and 'smooth' vocal, backed by a string section and vocal chorus. Instrumental soloing was de-emphasised in favor of trademark 'licks'. Leading artists in this genre included Patsy Cline, Jim Reeves, and later Tammy Wynette and Charlie Rich. The "slip note" piano style of session musician Floyd Cramer was an important component of this style.

Rockabilly

1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. The number 2, 3, and 4 songs on Billboard's charts for that year are: Elvis Presley "Heartbreak Hotel", Johnny Cash "I Walk the Line", and Carl Perkins "Blue Suede Shoes". Cash and Presley would place songs in the top 5 in 1958 with #3 Guess Things Happen That Way/Come In, Stranger by Cash, and #5 by Presley Don't/I Beg Of You.

What is now most commonly referred to as rockabilly was most popular with country music fans in the 1950s, and was recorded and performed by country musicians. Within a few years many rockabilly musicians returned to a more mainstrean style, or had defined their own unique style.

By the end of the decade, backlash as well as traditional artists such as Ray Price, Marty Robbins, and Johnny Horton began to shift the industry away from the Rock n' Roll influences of the mid-50's.

我按照美国iTunes官方类型给楼主参照：

羊毛衫合唱团 - The Cardigans

属于Rock，也就是摇滚。偶尔也略带Pop或者Alternative。

所谓摇滚，就是三和弦加强硬持续的鼓点加上口的旋律。摇滚不仅是一种音乐形态，实际上它是一种“人生的态度和哲学”，也正因为如此，摇滚乐才有别于一般流行音乐(Pop Music)。真正的摇滚文化至少可以提炼出这样一个缩微的全貌：嬉皮文化、艺术摇滚、朋克乐、先锋音乐、重金属等。

凯伦安 - Keren Ann

属于Folk，属于民谣。

原本是指每个民族的传统歌曲，每个民族的先民都有他们自原始 /古代已有的歌曲，这些歌绝大部分都不知道谁是作者，而以口头传播，一传十十传百，一代传一代的传下去至今。不过今天我们所说的民歌 (FOLK)，大都是指流行曲年代的民歌 (FOLK)，所指的是主要以木吉他为伴奏乐器，以自然坦率方式歌唱，唱出大家纯朴生活感受的那种歌曲。美国民歌手 WOODY GUTHRIE在五十年代的唱片可说是最早的民歌唱片录音，所以普遍被认定是现代民歌 (FOLK)的祖师。之后 PETE SEEGER、 THE WEAVERS继续推动这类音乐，六十年代越战，反战民歌手如 BOB DYLAN,JOAN BAEZ,PETER,PAUL AND MARY等成为时代的呼声。后民歌向 POP,ROCK及都市化发展， BOB DYLAN发明了 FOLKROCK, SIMON & GARFUNKEL发展出中产口味的都市 FOLK POP，风行一时。八十年代 SUZANNE VEGA,TRACYCHAPMAN等 +走出一种更富现在都市感觉的 URBAN FOLK(城市) / CONTEMPORARY(当代) FOLK路线。民歌 (FOLK)在英国、香港等乐坛也发展出不同的面貌。民歌 (FOLK近年较新的发展是与 NEW AGE结合 (如 ENYA)，及与 TRIP HOP结合(如 BETH ORTON)。

戴米恩莱斯 - Damien Rice

属于Alternative，就是独立类的音乐。

这种风格包括的范围较广，他是在人们不想听一般的流行乐但又不想偏离主流的背景下产生的。这种风格的音乐受到Pop、Rock以及Jazz Fusion影响较多，大部分情况是以器乐为主，好的音乐家可以创造出优美的旋律、丰富多彩的乐器音色以及富于活力的节奏，偏离主流而不脱离主流，当然，这其中也有一些作品只是陈词滥调的流行乐而已。

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