否定转移
在学英语的过程中,学生常将这样的句子 "我认为这不是个好主意。" 译为"I think it isnt a good idea." 而将这句英语译成汉语时,学生又会译为 "我不认为这是个好主意。" 老师又会说译错了,这不符合 "I dont think……" 句型,应译为 "l dont think its a good idea."
那么,这错误的根源究竟在哪里?这就是“英语的否定转移”在作怪。
否定转移在非正式语体中特别常见,它是将语义上属于从属分句(一般为that clause)的否定词转移到母句中去。
允许否定转移的母句动词在语义上可分为以下两组:
1.看法(OPINION):anticipate,be supposed to,believe,calculate, expect,figure(infml,AmE),imagine, reckon (infml,esp, in AmE),suppose,think:
Eg. I dont believe Ive met you before.
("I believe I havent met you before.")
Eg. She didnt imagine that we would say anything.
("She imagined we wouldnt say anything.")
Eg. He didnt expect to win.
("He expected not to win.")
2.感觉(PERCEPTION) :appear,seem,feel as if,look as if,sound as if (后三个动词也作infml,esp, in AmE,其中用like来代替as if):
Eg. It doesnt seem that we canget our money back.
"It seems that we cant get our money back."
Eg. The baby doesnt appear to be awake.
("The baby appears not to be awake.")
Eg. It doesnt look like its going to rain.
("It looks like it isnt going to rain.")
否定的转移是一种含糊的现象。对于否定词位置不同的两个句子,意思是否相同,或者在多大程度上相同的问题,各人的直觉可能是不同的。但在以下特殊情况下,原来允许否定转移的动词不能将否定转移:
1.I think是插入句,可看作与其他部分无关:
I wish you were here,then I think I should not feel like this.
2.母句中添加情态动词cant mustnt wouldnt时:
I cant believe that they are married.
You mustnt think hes stupid.
I wouldnt have imagined that Sandra would be here.
3.由于cannot helping,ought not,need not,not at all等短语的关系而把
I think隔离。
I should have thought sometimes you couldnt help thinking of the past.
I think you ought not to walk at night alone,Mrs. Moore.
I think you need not be impolite to her,as well as to her son.
"I think the angel are not at all in heaven." Mr.Esmond said."
4. 由于not just…… but, just not…… enough,not much, not quite等以not为核心的副词短语的影响,也不便把否定拿到动词的前面去:
I think Im just not smart enough to make any sense out of for you.
"You think shes not much like you? Brerald asked.
But I think that Elizabeth was not quite so certain of it as I.
句中含有no, never, nothing, nobody等的不定词时:
I should think you never have seen many.
I thought it explained nothing.
用may,can,must提问的问句,肯定否定回答分别是什么
1、根据重读的地方来区分
can是后面的音重读,而can't是can重读。
比如听到说,I can help you总之感觉像是这个意思,如果can是重读的,那么很有可能他读的是can’t.如果help重读,那么表示的是肯定意思。还有,can也有时候读作[k?n],这时的大多是表示肯定。
2、根据发音来区分
肯定 (can) 时不重读,否定 (can't) 时重读;can 中的元音不发,读作 [k'n],而 can't 需要完整地发出;例如:?I can drive.?I can't drive.
在前一句中,重读 drive 即可,can (k'n) 轻轻带而短地带过;在b句中,can't 中的 t 不发,但元音需要发,整句中 can't 和 drive 都需要重读。
这种省略化的轻读可以推广到疑问句中,比如:Can you drive?
3、根据句子成分来区分
句子中没有动词,如:Yes, I can.?No, I can't.?在这两句中,can 和 can't 的发音是相同的,判断肯定或否定只根据Yes或者No来。
如果需要用 can 来表示情绪、强调的时候,需要重读并且完整发音,例如:?Amy told me that Bob couldn't drive.
注:使用 cannot 虽然是个不错的办法,但据说 cannot 比较正式,不太常用。(没有考证,其实平常听到的频率也比较高。)
1、回答may开头的一般疑问句时,肯定回答用may,否定回答用mustn't.
2、回答can开头的一般疑问句,肯定回答用can.否定回答用can’t.
3、回答must开头的一般疑问句时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't或don't
have
to.
一、may
读音:英
[me?]
美
[me?]
释义:(有可能但不肯定)也许,可能。
语法:may是个情态动词,无不定式和分词形式,第三人称单数现在时也无变化。表示否定缩写为mayn't[ment]
二、can
读音:英
[k?n
,
k?n]
美
[k?n
,
k?n]
释义:(表示有能力做或能够发生)能,会。
语法:can用作情态动词的基本意思是“能,能够”“可以”“可能,会”,可表示体力、智力能够完成一件事情或环境赋予的能力。
三、must
读音:英
[m?st
,
m?st]
美
[m?st
,
m?st]
释义:(表示必要或很重要)必须。
语法:must表示义务或强制,含意是“必须”“应当”,其否定结构表示“不许可”或“不应该”。
扩展资料
must的近义词:have
to
have
to
读音:英
[?h?v
t?]
美
[?h?v
t?]
释义:必须,不得不。
语法:have
to
则重于客观需要,含有“不得不”或“被迫”之意。
例句:
I enumerate the work that will have to be done.
我列举了必须得做的一些工作。
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