民事犯罪行为有哪些？（英文）

民法法系(大陆法系)是西方两大法系之一,是当代历史最为悠久和影响最广的一种法律传统.

民法法系中的民法一词在西方法学中,是一个多义词,其含义主要有以下几种:(1)在古罗马时,一般是指仅适用于罗马公民的法律(一般译公民法或市民法),与万民法相对称,有时则与裁判官法、大官法相对称;(2)在罗马帝国时期,随着罗马公民和非公民界限的消失,就开始指整个罗马国法;(3)在西欧中世纪时,因其来自罗马国法,因而也就泛指国法,特别是在与教会法对称时,或指罗马法,或指世俗政权的法律;(4)在现代法律中,特别在民法法系法律中,民法是指主要部门法之一,与商法或刑法相对称;(5)在现代法律中,有时也指与军法相对称的、适用于一般平民的民用法律;(6)专指与普通法法系相对称的法系名称,即民法法系,这也是包括本书在内的一般比较法学著作中所讲的含义.

民法法系通常是指以罗马法为基础而形成的法律的总称.这一法系的的形成经历了自罗马法至19世纪长达十几个世纪的过程.其间,它也受到了其他法律的影响,如日耳曼法习惯法教会法商法封建法城市法等.同时,民法法系的形成与其他一些历史事件也是不可爱分的,如中世纪罗马法的复兴18世纪法国革命及其理性主义思潮的冲击,19世纪欧洲大陆的法典编撰,特别是19世纪初的和19世纪末的编撰,它们对民法法系的发展都具有巨大的推动作用.

民法法系的分布范围也很广,以欧洲大陆为中心,遍布全世界广大地区.主要以法国和德国为主的.

法国主要通过自己的(1804年)影响其他民法法系国家.例如比利时和卢森堡,至今仍在适用经修改了的法国.它对其他一些国家制定的民法典也有重大影响,如荷兰于1938年制定的民法典,葡萄牙于1867年制定的民法典,西班牙1888年制定的民法典,瑞士某些州的法典,意大利19世纪的法律以及某些东欧国家的法律.此外,法国民法典对近东、亚洲、非洲,特别是中、南美洲也有重大影响.

德国在诉讼法和行政法方面深受法国法律影响,而在制定民法典又与法国民法典有很大差别,德国民法典是在法国民法典制定后几乎一个世纪才出现的,当时许多国家都已效仿法国模式,再加上德国民法典及其“学说汇籑派”的法律思想的特色,使这一法典较难取得法国民法典那样的优势.但对1942年意大利民法典,1940年希腊民法典,1916年的巴西民法典,1896年和1898年日本民法典以及韩国和中国国民党政府的民法典都有影响.

世界上还存在着西方两大法系之间或与宗教法系相互交错并存的一些法律制度.这种法律制度在比较法中通常称为“混合法”.

如苏格兰虽属英国,但它的法律在历史上与英格兰有所不同,受罗马法影响较大,因而它的法律可谓民法法系和普通法法系的混合.而北欧各国即挪威、瑞典、丹麦、芬兰、冰岛的法律,通称为斯堪的纳维亚法律,既不同于民法法系也不同于普通法法系,但更接近民法法系.在亚洲,属于民法法系范围的法律,包括土耳其,近东的一些阿拉伯国家是民法法系和伊斯兰教法的混合.日本及泰国全属民法法系,但日本自第二次世界大战结束后的法律,又受到美国法律的影响.菲律宾由于先后沦为西班牙和美国的殖民地,所以带有西方两大法系混合的特色.印尼由于遭受荷兰的殖民统治,它的法律就深受罗马荷兰法的影响,又兼有伊斯兰教法的因素.在非洲,如刚果、卢旺达、布隆迪、埃塞俄比亚等国法律,属于民法法系,南非曾先后是荷兰和英国的殖民地,因此也是西方两大法律的混合物.北非各国如阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥、突尼斯等阿拉伯国家的法律,由于与法国、意大利的历史联系,兼具民法法系和伊斯兰教法的两种因素.

Civil law (civil) is one of the Western Enlightenment.is the most oldest and most influential contemporary history of a legal tradition.

The word's civil law jurists in the West,Words are more than one, meaning mainly the following : (1) In ancient Rome,apply only to citizens generally refers to the Roman law (civil or translation of the general public), and the Nation relative,sometimes with the magistrate, a fitting method symmetry; (2) in the Roman Empire,Roman citizens and non-citizens boundaries disappear, it began to refer to the entire Roman law; (3) In the Middle Ages in Western Europe,from Rome because of the state law, and therefore refers to the laws of the state, especially in church law symmetry, or refers to Roman law.or refer to the secular regimes of the law; (4) In modern law, especially in civil law legal system,Civil law is one of the main departments, and commercial law or criminal law relative said. (5) In modern law,sometimes referred to the corresponding martial law applicable to the ordinary civilian law;(6) refers specifically with the common-law legal system corresponding to the names that civil law.This book also includes works by the Comparative Law for the general meaning. usually refers to the Roman civil law and formed the legal basis for the skies. This law has experienced since the formation of the Roman century to the 19th century up to a dozen in the process.

Meanwhile,It is also affected by other laws, such as the Germanic canon law and commercial law customary law feudal city law. Meanwhile,The civil law system is formed with a number of other historic events in the sub-Beloved,If the rejuvenation of the 18th century medieval Roman rational thought of the French revolution and its impact.19th century codification of the European continent.especially the early 19th century the "" French Civil Code, "" and the 19th "" German Civil Code "," Reform,their civil law systems have a tremendous role in promoting the development. civil-law distribution of a wide range,in the center of the European continent,vast areas throughout the world. The key to France and Germany. France, mainly through their own "the" Civil Code "," (1804), other civil law countries. For example, Belgium and Luxembourg.revised application, the French still "the" Civil Code ","It's in some other countries and also has a significant impact on the Civil Code.If the Civil Code, enacted in 1938 in the Netherlands, Portugal, the Civil Code, enacted in 1867.Spain's Civil Code 1888, Switzerland, the code in some states.Italian 19th century law, and some East European countries the law.

In addition, the French Civil Code for the Near East, Asia, Africa,In particular, South America and also has a significant impact. Germany procedural and administrative aspects of popular French law,French Civil Code, Civil Code, enacted in with a very different,German Civil Code was enacted in the French Civil Code came into existence after almost a century.At that time, many countries have to follow the French model.together with the German Civil Code and the "theory Department faction" of the characteristics of legal thinking,The French Civil Code so difficult to achieve that kind of advantage. However, the Italian Civil Code of 1942.Greek Civil Code 1940, the Brazilian Civil Code 1916,Japan's Civil Code 1896 and 1898 of the Civil Code as well as South Korea and China, the KMT government will be affected. Two Schools of the Western world still exist between religious law and mingle with some of the legal systems coexist.

This comparative law in the legal system, commonly known as "mixed." Although Scotland as England,But it is different from the laws in the history of England by the Roman greater impact.therefore, it is the law of civil law and common-law mixed. and the Nordic countries, namely Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland,Icelandic law, known as the Scandinavian laws, is different from China, France and France are different from the common-law system.But closer to civil law. In Asia, the scope of the civil law is the law, including Turkey,Near East some Arab countries is a mixed civil law and Islamic law. Japan and Thailand are all civil law.But in Japan since the end of World War II law,Also affected by the laws of the United States. As Spain and the Philippines has become a colony of the United States.So mixed with the characteristics of the Western Enlightenment. Because of the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia.Tutor in Roman Dutch law it is influenced by the impact of the law, the factors with Islamic law. In Africa, such as the Congo.Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, and other countries law from the civil law system.South Africa has the Netherlands and the British colony.So the two legal Western mixture. North African countries such as Algeria, Morocco,Tunisia and other Arab countries have laws, and France, Italy's historical linkboth civil law and Islamic law factors.

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