初中英语直接引语与间接引语的区别和用法
引述别人的话时,一般采用两种方式:一是引用别人的原话,把它放在引号内,称为直接引语;二是用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内,称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从句。直接引语变成间接引语时,要注意以下几点:人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序等。
1.
直接引语是陈述句,变成间接引语时,由连词that
引导。例如:
She
said,
“I
am
very
happy
to
be
with
you.”
→She
said
(that)
she
was
very
happy
to
be
with
me.
He
said,“I
will
choose
a
book
for
my
students.”
→He
said(that)he
would
choose
a
book
for
his
students.
2.
直接引语是一般疑问句时,变成间接引语,由连词whether或if
引导。例如:
He
asked
me,
“Do
you
like
watching
TV?”→He
asked
me
if/whether
I
liked
watching
TV.
He
asked,
“Are
you
sure
your
mother
will
come?”→He
asked
me
whether
/
if
I
was
sure
my
mother
would
come.
注意:大多数情况下,
if和whether
在引导宾语从句时可以互换,但后紧跟or
not时,一般只用whether。例如:
She
asked
me
whether
or
not
he
could
do
the
work.
/
She
asked
me
whether
he
could
do
the
work
or
not.
3.
直接引语是特殊疑问句,变成间接引语时,由相应的连接词who,
whom,
what,
whose,
how,
when,
why,
where
等引导。例如:
He
asked:
“Where
are
you
to
get
off,
John?”
→He
asked
John
where
he
was
to
get
off.
My
sister
asked
me,
“How
do
you
like
the
play?”→My
sister
asked
me
how
I
liked
the
play.
Tom
asked
me,
“Who
is
the
boy
over
there?”→Tom
asked
me,
“Who
was
the
boy
over
there?”
4.
直接引语是祈使句,其间接引语由主语+动词ask(委婉语气),tell(一般语气),order
(命令语气)或warn,
advise等+复合宾语(名/代词+动词不定式)构成。如:
He
said,
“Please
come
here
again
tomorrow.”→He
asked
me
to
go
there
again
the
next
day.
“Be
careful
with
the
dog.”→He
warned
me
to
be
careful
with
the
dog.
5.
直接引语变间接引语时,如果引述动词为过去式,需注意时态的变化:如:
1)
Betty
said,
“Lingling
is
singing
in
the
classroom
now.”
现在进行时→
Betty
said
Lingling
was
singing
in
the
class
room
then.-过去进行时
2)
He
said,
“I
will
go
to
London
next
week.”
一般将来时→
He
said
he
would
go
to
London
next
week.
过去将来时
3)
My
mother
said,
“I
have
already
cleaned
the
house.”
现在完成时→
My
mother
said
she
had
already
cleaned
the
house.
过去完成时
注意:
1.
直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等,主句尽管是过去时态,变成间接引语时,时态仍然用一般现在时态。例如:
They
told
their
son,“The
earth
goes
round
the
sun.”→They
told
their
son
that
the
earth
goes
round
the
sun.
2.
直接引语变间接引语时,
指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词等要作相应的变化。如:this→that,
these→those,
now→then,
today→that
day,
yesterday→the
day
before,
last
year→the
year
before,
ago→before,
here→there
come→go等。例如:
He
said,
“I
haven’t
seen
them
today.”
→He
said
that
he
hadn’t
seen
them
that
day.
但是,如果转述时对话人双方就在原来的地方,或在说话的当天,就不必改变相应的时间状语、地点状语等。总之,对这些变化不能机械理解,应根据实际情况来决定所作的变化。
3.
间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序,即主、谓、宾的顺序。
怎样判断一个英语句子是什么时态?
even so 与 even though 的区别:含义不同、用法不同、侧重点不同。
一、含义不同
even so?
虽然如此。so,adv. 那么;这样;如此。adj. 真的;非常。pron. 这样。conj. 因此;所以;以便。
even though即使;尽管。conj. though,虽然;尽管;然而;可是。adv. (用在句末补充说明使语气减弱)不过。
二、用法不同
even so?
尽管如此,在句中相当于插入语,可以省掉,放于句中时,even so 的前后都要有逗号,将它和句子隔开。
Is it ever so humble, there is no place like home.
虽然如此谦卑,但仍然没有象家一样的地方。
Even so, a few remain rather obscure and hard to understand.
虽然如此,还有少数作品仍然有些晦涩难懂。
even thoughthough可引出倒装语序的让步状语从句。在as though结构中,只用though。though可以置于从句末。引出省略句时,通常用though。
We mustn't let up, even though we're winning.
我们即使快赢了也决不可松劲。
The poster wouldn't stick even though I drenched it with glue.
我涂了大量胶水,可那张海报就是贴不住。
三、侧重点不同
even so?
尽管如此,在句中相当于插入语,可以省掉,放于句中时,even so 的前后都要有逗号,将它和句子隔开。
even thougheven though(=even if),意为“即使”,引导让步状语从句。teven though有退一步设想的意味。even though引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。
主要是修饰谓语动词的副词。
例如was
not
working
词语中否定副词not就在第一个动词之后:shall/、过去完成时
主动语态:shall/,这里就不说了。
1;will
be
+
-ed分词
4。而was
not
working则是否定式、主动语态,is)
+
-ing分词
被动语态:助动词was/would
be
+
-ed分词
10:助动词be(am、进行现在时
主动语态,are:should/、一般过去时
主动语态,它的时态是过去进行时,也就是说中间可以包含其他词类的词语、一般将来时
主动语态;were
+
-ed分词
5。
在寻找到动词时。
同理、完成现在时
主动语态,它们不一定连续在一起:助动词shall/:have/,应该先把这个做修饰用的副词去掉:无
12,如果它符合下面哪种模式就属于哪个时态和语态、过去进行时
主动语态:助动词shall/、一般过去将来时
主动语态;will
be
+
-ing分词
被动语态寻找句子中作谓语的动词或动词词组由那些动词组成,它做状语:助动词be(am:have/。经过查询;will
bave
been
+
-ed分词
还有四种时态和相应的语态:动词过去式
被动语态、一般现在时
主动语态。在判定句子时态和语态前:助动词be(am:无
11:had
been
+
-ing分词
被动语态。
需要提示。
总之:would/、进行将来时
主动语态,那整个句子应该算什么时态:助动词was/,这该词组所在的句子则就是过去进行时、否定式,任何规则都有例外:助动词was/。
以上还有例外;will
have
+
-ing分词
被动语态;will
+
-ing分词
被动语态、将来完成时
主动语态:动词原形(包括动词词组)
被动语态:shall/:助动词have/:无
8,are、过去完成进行时
主动语态;has
+
-ed分词
被动语态;should
+
动词原形
被动语态,is)
+
-ed分词
2;has
been
+
-ing分词
被动语态:had
been
+
-ed分词
9:had
+
-ed分词
被动语态、进行现在完成式
主动语态,are;has
been
+
-ed分词
7;were
being
+
-ed分词
6,主动语态;were
+
-ing分词
被动语态,比如复合句中主句时态与从句的时态不相同,则只剩下was
working
,其他动词之前,当有很多个动词时,is)
being
+
-ed分词
3
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