定语和定语从句的区别

　 概念理解

　1. 什么是定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的成分，它可以是一个词，短语或者句子。如

　果是一个句子，则这个句子就是定语从句。

　She is a girl. (beautiful是定语，用来修饰名词girl)

　I need a （blue是定语，用来限定名词pen）

　Will you attend the meeting ? （不定式作后置定语）

　I met a stranger （定语从句，用来修饰a stranger）

　2. 构成定语从句有三个部分：

　1) _：被定语从句所修饰或限定的词

　2) _：一个用来引导定语从句的词

　练习：请找出以下定语从句的三个部分:

　1) The book that I am reading is very interesting

　2) I still remember the place where I met her for the first time.

　3) They helped the man whose car had broken down.

　3. 定语从句的 引导词 有两种： 关系代词： 关系副词: when, where, why;

　 关系代词引导的定语从句.

　1) This is the man 先行词the man 在定语从句中作主语)

　2) She is the girl we met yesterday. (先行词the girl在定语从句中作宾语)

　3) My partner is a boy mother is a teacher. （先行词a boy在定语从句中充当定语，即“他的/她

　的/它的/他们的/它们的”，引导词用whose）

　4) The park is near my home is very beautiful. （先行词the park 在定语从句中作主语）

　5) The letter I received was from my father.（先行词 the letter 在定语从句中作宾语）

　6) We talked about the persons and things （先行词是 the persons and things，既有人又有物，所以只用that引导）

　7) He won the first place in the exam, was very surprising. (先行词是前面整个句子)

　 练习：

　1. Do you still remember the chicken farm _______________ we visited three months ago?

　2. The room _________________ window faces north is my sister's.

　3. He is the boy __________________ helped the blind woman cross the road .

　4. Is this the man _______________you saw just now?

　5. This is the very book ______________ I want to read.

　6. We should everything _____________ is useful to people.

　7. Her sister has become a lawyer, ____________ was always her dream.

　 注意以下特殊情况

　下列情况只能用that，不能用which

　①. 先行词为不定冠词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等.

　All you have to do is to practice every day. 你所要做的是每天训练。

　There isn’t much 没有什么我可以做的。

　②. 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时.

　The first lesson (我第一次学的课我不会忘记的。

　This is the best film ( ) I have ever seen. 这是我看过最好的一部**。

　③. 先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代词修饰时.

　I have read all the books () you gave me. 我已经读完你给我的全部书籍。

　④. 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时.

　The white flower is the only one

　This is the very book This is the same book 同一本书)

　⑤. 当主句以who/ which/ what开头的 等特殊疑问句时,定语从句that 引导.

　Who is the man Which of us knows something about physics doesn’t know this ?

　⑥. 先行词既有人又有物时。

　We talked about the persons and things we could remember.

　⑦. time做先行词，前面如果有序数词或 last 来修饰时，定语从句用 that 来引导或省略；如果没有序

　数词或 last 来修饰时，既可用 when 也可用that来引导。

　This is the last time () I shall give you a lesson.

　The first time (此外：

　⑧. 不定代词(anyone, someone, everyone, those等 )指人时，通常用who引导，而不用that

　Is there anyone knows the answer? (有没有知道这个答案的人呢？)

　I admire those are willing to help others. （我欣赏那些乐于助人的人）

　⑨. 先行词有such，the same修饰，通常用as引导

　I have never heard about such a story I want to have such a dictionary Such students This is the same pen I lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。

　This is the same pen I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。

　 练习：

　1. I’ve read all the books __________________ our teacher asks us to read.

　2. This is the biggest lab __________________ we have ever built in our university.

　3. Who is the student__________________ was late for school today?

　4. Tom is the first boy __________________ left the room.

　5. God helps those _______________ help themselves. (自助者天助)

　6. He ______________ laughs last laughs best. (谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。)

　7. Anyone ______________ saw the accident should phone the police.

　8. Is oxygen the only gas ______________ helps fire burn?

　9. He saw a house _____________ windows were all broken.

　10. I have never heard of such stories ___________ he tells.

　 关系副词引导的定语从句

　关系副词在定语从句中做状语（时间状语，地点状语，原因状语）.

　I still remember the day I first came to Beijing. （when = on that day时间状语）

　I’ll never forget the time (when = at that time时间状语)

　The story reminds me of last year I traveled in Britain. (when = last year时间状语)

　2、先行词是地点，且在定语从句中作地点状语（或定语从句是完整句子时），用where引导。

　This is the place （where = in this place 地点状语） The factory 地点状语)

　3、先行词是原因，且在定语从句中作原因状语（或定语从句是完整句子时），用why引导。

　I know the reason for the reason)

　The reason 4、特殊情况：先行词如果是stage, point, situation, condition, position, case等，且从句部分是完整句子，此时习惯用where 引导。

　Can you think of a situation It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.

　把小孩处于一种（让他们能不同地看待自己的）情景，这他们是有帮助的。

　综合练习，用正确的引导词来填空。

　1. The man _______________ visited our school yesterday is from London.

　2. Do you remember those days _______________ we spent along the seashore very happily?

　3. Those _______________ want to go please sign your names here.

　4. Who is the woman _______________ is sweeping the floor over there?

　5. Do you work near the building _______________ color is yellow?

　6. His father works in that factory _______________ computers are produced.

　7. His father works in that factory _______________ produces bikes.

　8. He is devoted to his career _______________ he can achieve his life goal.

　9. He has reached a stage _______________ no one can change his mind.

　你能想到一次（你曾经感到尴尬的）情形吗？

　10. This was the supermarket _______________ I bought this kind of tin.

　11. The house _______________ we live is not big.

　12. This is the place _______________ he works.

　13. This is the place _______________ we visited last year.

　14. This is the very film __________ I’ve long wished to see.

　15. This is the fastest train __________ is going to Nanjing.

　16. We are living in an age __________ many things are done on computer.

　17. This is the boy __________ English is the best in our class.

　18. Those students __________ want to use the computers must ask for permission first.

　先做几个题目比较一下：

　1. I can remember the days _______________ we spent together cutting school.

　I can remember the days _______________ we played together in the village.

　2. This is the supermarket _______________ I bought this kind of tin.

　This is the supermarket _______________ you want to find.

　3. This is the school ____________ I studied three years ago.

　This is the school ____________ I visited three years ago.

　4. The reason ____________ he was absent from school was unknown.

　The reason ____________ he gave us was unbelievable.

　 限制性和非限制定语从句

　 一、 概念讲解：

　限制性定语从句 是修饰先行词必不可少的`成分，去掉从句后句子的意义就不能成立或意思不清楚。如：

　A plane is a machine that can fly.

　非限制性定语从句 只对先行词作进一步的说明，去掉从句后句子仍然可以成立。非限制性定语从句前

　 一般用逗号将之与主句隔开

　如：This note was left by Mary，who was here a moment ago.

　1. who 指人，做主语。Yesterday I met Li Ping, seemed to be very busy.

　2. whom 指人, 作宾语. He had many friends, 3. whose 指人, 作定语. The Chairman’s daughter, 4. which 指物, 做主语,宾语. His speech, 5. where 指地点, 作状语. Galileo lived in Pisa, there is a tower about 180 feet high.

　6. when 指时间, 作状语. He was born in 1937, 7. as引导的定语从句，其先行词通常是一个句子. As we all know, he studies very hard.

　as 引导的定语从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后.在很多情况下已经构成固定搭配.

　As we can see，正如我们能看到的,

　As is known to all，众所周知

　As you know 正如你所知,

　As I expected 正如我所预料， As is mentioned above 如上所说 As is reported 正如报道所说 As the saying goes, 正如俗话说， As is often said 正如经常所说，

　As is often the case, 这是经常发生的事

　as和 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的比较：

　1. 非限定性定语从句位于句未，而且as 和which 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时

　可互换。He is a farmer, as/which is clear from his manner.

　This elephant is like a snake, anybody can see.

　2.which 引导的非限定性定语从句一般放在句未，而as 引导的非限定性定语从句

　可放在句未，也可放在句中、句首。 放在句首时不能用which 替换。

　Taiwan is part of China, is known to all. （能翻译成“正如…”可用as引导）

　Crusoe lost his dog, made him very sad. （不用as，因为没有“正如…”人含义）

　we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth. （不能用Which）

　 二、 介词提前的定语从句（介词+ which/whom）

　1 关系代词which, whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句可有：介词+ whichwhom 引出。

　1） Great changes are taking place in the city which they live in .

　= Great changes are taking place in the city 2) The film which I’m speaking of is to be shown next week.

　= The film

　3. This is the teacher whom I’ve learnt a lot from.

　= This is the teacher I’ve learnt a lot.

　4. The man whom we sent the present to is a doctor of laws.

　= The man whom 5. The situation which we had got into was very dangerous.

　had got was very dangerous.

　6 The policeman whom Mr. Henry is talking with is a friend of mine.

　= The police man Mr. Henry is talking is a friend of mine.

定语知识讲解什么是定语，什么样的词可以

定语和表语的区别：特点不同、用法不同、性质不同

一、特点不同

1、定语：用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。

2、表语：说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的词或从句，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be，become，appear， seem，look，sound，feel，get，smell等词）之后。

二、用法不同

1、定语：单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。

2、表语：在句型"主 + 系 + 表"中，若主语和表语都是非谓语形式时，主语和表语要取得一致。如：主语是ing形式表语也应是ing形式，主语是不定式时表语也应是不定式。

三、性质不同

1、定语：受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

2、表语：是句子中的不完整的谓语，须和系动词一起构成句子中的完整的复合谓语。也就是说，表语是谓语的部件，而不是与谓语平级的句子成分，主系表结构实际上是主谓结构，没有所谓的主谓表结构。

定语和中心语

定语:定语是体词性偏正结构中对中心语进行修饰或限制的成分。中心语：中心语就是排除定语的主语和宾语，以及排除状语和补语的谓语。“（广大）人民干得〈热火朝天〉”中的“人民”为主语中心语；“干”为谓语中心语。定语和中心语之间是修饰与被修饰、限制与被限制的关系

实词和短语一般都可以充当定语。

①实词作定语：

名词：语法分析法律知识昨天的事情惯性的力量

动词：注射器材张开的嘴巴见面的日期前进的步伐

形容词：丰满的脸蛋一般庄稼人浓浓的夜色壮丽的山河

代词：这东西自己的子女我的视野他的才华和成就

区别词：急性病中式快餐初级英语军用机场远程教育

②短语作定语：

主谓短语：乌云密布的傍晚面无表情的样子胡子拉碴的年轻人办事精明的老王

述宾短语：具有特殊意志的人当农民的精神准备撞他的车喝茶的时候

偏正短语：新烫的卷发高浓度的有害液体比生命更可贵的东西狭窄框框的束缚

方位短语：屋里的变化路口的大排档眼前的事情外面的大雨端午节前的天气

量词短语：这个家一眼窑洞二两白酒亿万双眼睛

复指短语：我自己的事情我们大家的心愿天府之国四川的特产首都北京的建设

联合短语：平静温馨的生活光洁闪亮的四壁聪明能干的小伙子又脏又乱的地方

介词短语：对母亲的担心关于合同的争议对历史人物的评价朝南的窗户

述补短语：写错了的字吓得面如土色的老人用旧了的自行车走出校门的孩子

比况短语：柳树一样的身材繁星般的灯火暴风雨般的呼喊钻心一般的疼痛

“所”字短语：所说的话所问的问题所面对的现实所应尽的义务

定语除了描写或限制中心语之外，还能够起到成句作用，满足结构的需要。有些词加上定语之后才能作主语和宾语。有一些作主语或宾语的词需要加上定语，表示确指后，句子才能成立。

例如：

就教学内容而言，大学明显落后于世界先进水平。

慈祥的眼睛里充满了柔情。

分析：

如果没有定语限定，“大学”成为不定指的成分，句子不成立，加上“我们的”或其它表所属的定语后，句子语义才完整。同样道理，“柔情”只有加上定语修饰，才成为指称明确的宾语。

加定语后如下：

就教学内容而言，我们的大学明显落后于世界先进水平。

慈祥的眼睛里充满了母爱的柔情。如何区分定语和状语？

定语和状语都是偏正结构中心语的修饰性成分。一般来说，体词性中心语前面的修饰成分是定语，谓词性中心语前面的修饰成分是状语。但实际上定语和状语的区分并不这么简单，原因在于：第一，体词性成分可以作状中结构的中心语，例如“刚好五位”；第二，谓词性成分可以作定中短语的中心语，例如“经济的振兴”。因此，定语和状语除了根据中心语的语法性质进行区分外，还应该考虑修饰语的性质和整个偏正结构的语法功能。

①从修饰语的性质来看，副词只能作状语，不能作定语。

②形容词、名词、动词直接作修饰语时，是定语还是状语，取决于中心语是体词性成分还是谓词性成分。

③量词短语作修饰语时，同样要根据中心语的语法性质进行判断。

④有些偏正短语的中心语是体词性的，但整个结构是谓词性的，主要语法功能是作谓语，其中的修饰语是状语，例如“刚好五位”。

而有些偏正短语的中心语是谓词性的，但整个结构的是体词性的，其中的修饰语是定语，例如“经济的振兴”、“体制的束缚”、“满腹的愤怒和埋怨”。

⑤由双音节形容词与双音节动词构成的偏正结构，例如“热情接待”、“具体分析”、“彻底解决”、“周密调查”等，就必须根据整个偏正结构所处的语法位置来确定前面修饰语的性质。

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