不定冠词a、an和定冠词the的用法有什么区别？

不定冠词a、an和定冠词the的用法有什么区别？

所谓冠词：是说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词(总与名词连用，位于名词前，本句不能独立使用，关于a/an与the的区别与联络：

定冠词the是起修饰限定作用的冠词，它与指示代词this，that同源，表示“这个”或“那个”。

1 定冠词用在名词前，表示特指，即某个特定的人、事物等。特别是当某名词后面有定语限定这一名词时，名词前面一般都要用定冠词the

We have found the book that we lost yesterday. 我们已经找到了昨天丢的那本书。 Do you know the man standing by the window? 你认识那个站在窗户旁边的人吗？

How do you like the rooms here? 你觉得这里的房间怎么样？

2 用于单数名词前，指一类事物 The lion is a wild animal. 狮子是野生动物。

The pass was invented in China. 指南针是中国发明的。

The wolf hunts by night. 狼夜间出来觅食。

3 用于乐器名称前

the violin 小提琴 the piano 钢琴

4 用于世界上独一无二的事物前

the sun 太阳 the earth 地球 the world 世界 the nature 自然界

the sky 天空 the universe 宇宙

5 用在形容词前，表示一类人或事物

the poor 穷人 the blind 盲人 the aged 老人 the impossible 不可能的事情

6 用于构成形容词或副词的比较级和最高阶形式

He runs the fastest. 他跑得最快。

Is this the best choice he can make? 这是他能做出的最好的选择吗？

二、 不定冠词的用法

1 不定冠词a表示“一”这一概念时，意思与one相似

There's a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一枝钢笔。

但是，除表示“一”这一数量外，很多情况下 a 与可数名词一起表示一类事物或者泛指概念。 I need a pencil now. 我现在需要（一）枝铅笔。（不确指哪枝铅笔）

We can't say a boy is cleverer than a girl. 我们不能说男孩比女孩聪明。（表示类别）

2 不定冠词在表示“一”的概念时，是非强调性的。如果强调“一”这一数量，常常用one

National Day is a o-day holiday. 国庆节是（一）个两天的假日。

We have only one day left to finish the task. 我们只剩下一天时间来完成这个任务。

3 不定冠词用在表示数量、时间等名词前，表示“每一（单位）…的价格、速度、顺序等”

The apples are o yuan a kilogram. 这些苹果每公斤两元钱。

Tom drives a car at 60 miles an hour. 汤姆以每小时60英里的速度开车。

I go back home once a month. 我每月回家一次。

4 不定冠词用于单数可数名词前，泛指人的职业、国籍、宗教等

He is a Christian. 他是基督徒。

My friend, Asaku, is a Japanese. 我的朋友Asaku是日本人。

He was a teacher in the past. But he is a busines *** an now. 过去他是教师，但现在他是生意人。 He was made a dean. 他被任命为主任。

5 不定冠词用在人名或表示人的名词前，表示不确定性，即说话人不清楚或没有指明所提到的人到底是谁

A Smith called you just now. 刚才一个叫史密斯的人给你找电话。

A rade is waiting for you outside. 一个同志在外面等你。

6 不定冠词用于be of a (an)+noun结构中，表示“相同…的”

Tom and his sister are of a height. 汤姆和他的妹妹身高相同。

These sweaters are of a size. 这些毛衣大小相同。

7 不定冠词用于固定结构quite/half/rather/many/what/such a (an)+名词或so/too/how+形容词+a(an)+noun中，表示程度、数量或感叹等

It takes half an hour to get there. 到那里需要半小时。

He's quite a famous artist. 他是个很有名的艺术家。

Many a man would wele such an opportunity. 许多人会很高兴有这样一个机会。

What a fool he is! 他多傻啊！

It's too difficult a problem for him. 对他来说，这是一个太难的问题。

8 不定冠词用于某些习惯用语或谚语中

in a word 总而言之 take a walk 散步 at a time 一次

注：当一篇文章中第一次提到某一事物时，在名词前面要加不定冠词，以后再次提到同一事物时用定冠词。

定冠词和不定冠词的主要用法区别

1. There is a rabbit under the tree. The rabbit is eating a carrot. 第一次提到某物，用不定冠词，再次提到相同的事物，用定冠词

2. Who is your best friend in the pany? 虽然第一次提到，但是说话双方都知道的那个pany.

3. Bill Gates is the richest man in the world. 形容词或副词最高阶前一定要用the。如果a, an和最高阶连用，意思就变了： Bill Gates is a richest man in the world. 比尔盖茨是世界上最有钱的人之一。

表示某一类事物时，可以用定冠词，不定冠词和复数三种形式表达 比如：The elephant is a friendly animal. An elephant is a friendly animal. Elephants are a friendly animal. 注意：单数可数名词前一定要用冠词，无论名词前有多少修饰语 比如：My mother is a kind, generous, optimistic, open-minded, and honest person

定冠词the的用法.

1.表示上文已经提到过的人或者物,或特指某人或某物.

例如 give me the book.

2.表示这世上独一无二的东西.

例如 the sun,the moon,the air.

3.对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前.

例如 He is the tallest student in our class.

All the better.

4.用在形容词最高阶、序数词及last,next,only,same,right,wrong前.

5.用在江河、海洋、山川、群岛、港湾等名词前.

注意:湖名前一般不加冠词.

不定冠词A/AN的用法.

1.泛指人或物.

2.表示one/every.

3.用在抽象名词前.表示一种、一类、这种等等.

4.用在物质名词前.例如 A glass,a iron,an apple.

定冠词和不定冠词

（1）当我们学习课文内容时，未必很注意冠词的用法。但冠词伴随名词，帮助表达名词的含义，确实随处可见。

冠词的使用有一定的规则，但亦有相当多的习惯用法或特殊用法。有时用不用冠词，意思差别很大，如in front of和in the front of：

An old woman walked slowly in front of the car．

一位老太太在小汽车前慢慢走着。（汽车外的前面）

He's sitting in the front of the car with the driver．

他和司机一起坐在小汽车的前座。（汽车内的前部）

因此，学习定冠词，我们一要学一些法则；二要熟记一些惯用短语；三要留心课文句子中出现的特殊情况。

学习定冠词方法一：记一些使用法则。

①定冠词是指特定的人或物，用于特指的名词前。如：Who's the man？The book is mine．

②当第二次提到某人或某物时，要用定冠词。如：There is a factory near No．14 Middle School．The factory has been there for several years．

③形容词最高阶前用the：the heaviest truck，the most expensive jacket。

④序数词前用the：the third lap，the second turning．

⑤世界上只有一个这样的事物前用the：The moon goes round the earth，and the earth goes round the sun．

⑥方位词前用定冠词the：in the east，in the northwest，on the left，on the right．

⑦定冠词可和可数名词单数连用，代表一类人或东西。如：

The telephone was invented by Alexander G．Bell．

⑧在姓的复数前加the，表示一家人或夫妇。如：the Greens表示格林一家人或格林夫妇，等等。

学习定冠词方法二：熟记学到的惯用短语。如 at the same time，all the same，look the same （same前用定冠词），all the time，at the beginning of，at the end of，at the moment，by the way，on the way home，in the end，in the middle of，on the side of，during the holiday，by the end of the entieth century，for the last time。

学习定冠词方法三：留心课文句子中出现的特殊情况。

例如：在中国的北方应译为in the north of China。但North China，用方位词修饰专有名词，就不用定冠词，译为“华北”，有确切的地理和行政范围，它和泛泛的“中国的北方”含义不同。

又如由普通名词构成的专有名词，前面须加定冠词，如山脉、 河流、一些名胜等：the Yellow River，the Rocky Mountains （落基山脉），the Great Wall，the Summer Palace （颐和园）等；而在Ayers Rock，和Jiangsu Province等之前就没有定冠词。

这种不加定冠词的情况已日渐多见，这没有什么语法可讲，需要我们留心和注意。

（2）不定冠词a和an的区别

a和an的区别在于：如不定冠词后的名词或者形容词，是以子音读音开头（注意，不是以子音字母开头，而是以子音读音开头），则不定冠词用a。不定冠词之后的名词或者形容词，以母音读音开头（注意，不是以母音字母开头，而是以母音读音开头），则不定冠词用an。

1）例如u虽然是母音字母，但它的字母名称是。是子音，当u在单词开头读时，前面的冠词要用a，如a useful language，a unit，a university等；但u在单词开头也可能读，那就是母音开头了，其前面的冠词就要用an，如an uncle，an unhappy family，an unusual day，an untrue story等。

2）又如在26个字母中，有一些子音字母的字母名称是以母音开头的。如f ，1 ，m ，n ，s ，x ，h ，r ，这时我们应该这样说：There is a“u”and an “s”in the word“US”．

3） 要注意h开头的单词有不发音的情况，例如an hour，an honest man。但h如读 ，那就是子音了例如a hen，a hat，a hole，a horse。 a和an虽然有上述用法上的区别，但它实质上是一个词，意义是一样的。

①都有数量的含义，表示one。例如：

I need a dictionary．我需要一本字典。

He has an egg and a cake for breakfast．早餐他吃了一个鸡蛋和一块蛋糕。

② a和an所以叫不定冠词，或称类指，它通常是anyone的意思，即同类中的任何一个，one member of a class （类），而非特指的一个。例如：

A child needs love．（任何一个）孩子需要爱。

A horse is a useful animal．马是有用的动物。

③ a和an还含有every，each或per （每）的含义。如once a week每周一次；100 kilometres an hour每小时100千米；five dollars a kilo每千克5美元。

最后，在学习和掌握不定冠词a和an的用法时，我们强调要熟记含有不定冠词的片语或惯用短语，如half an hour，in a minute，in a hurry，just a moment，What a pity! With a *** ile，It's a pleasure，quite a nice shop，have a cold，have a look at，have a rest，have a match，have a try，have a good time，have a meeting，go for a walk，catch a bus，want a go，make a telephone call，leave a message等等。熟记一些常用片语，是一个重要的有效的学习方法

the 特指，a 泛指。

一般来说，专业名词，独一无二的事物（太阳等）用the .

某个一般的物品第一次出现，用a ，如a book .

第二次出现（同一个物品），用 the .

1. 不定冠词的用法

(1) a用在子音前; an用在母音前。

An hour

(2) 表同种类的全体, 此时a带有any的意味。

A dog is a faithful animal. (=Dogs are faithful animals.)

(3) 等于one。

I have a sister and o brothers.

(4) 等于the same.

Birds of a feather flock together.

(5) 等于per“每一......”。

We work eight hours a day. Niy miles an hour.

(6) a = a certain, 表说话者不认识此人。

Do you know a Mr. Smith?

(7) 物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词，

Asparagus is a grass. (a = a kind of).

This is a good cloth for summer.

(8) “have (or take) a 抽象名词”，与抽象名词的动词形同义。

Let us take am. = Let u *** .

2. 定冠词的用法

(1) 由于上下文的关系, 某名词所指的东西已非常明显, 或已有一定的范围, 该名词应加the。

Shut the door.

Please pass me the caster.

(2) 表该名词的总称。

The cow is a useful animal. (= Cows are useful animals.)

(3) 前面已提过的名词，再度提到时前面加the。

Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage.

The cottage was in the country, and the boy lived there all his life.

(4) 用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前。

This is the book that I promised to lend you.

(5) 用在宇宙（独一无二）的天体名词之前。

The sun; the moon; the sky; the earth.

(6) 用在方位，方向等名词之前。

The sun rises in the east and set in the west.

(7) 乐器的名称前要加the。

To play the piano (violin, guitar, flute, etc.)

(8) 表示单位的名词前要加the。

Gasoline is sold by the gallon.

Meat is sold by the catty.

(9) 在最高阶的形容词或序数(the first...)之前要加the。

Taiwan is the best place to live in.

(10)专有名词在下列情况可加the。

(A) 海、河、运河的名称：The Thames; the Bahamas;

(B) 复数形的专有名词: The West Indies; the Bahamas;

(C) 船泊的名称: The Queen Mary; the Flying Scot *** an; the Comet;

(D) 书报、杂志、经典的名称： the Times; the Central Daily News; the Koran;

(E) 公共建筑、机关的名称: The Ritz Hotel; the Ministry of Education;

(F) 国民的总称: the French; the Japanese; the Chinese;

(G) 用在姓氏的复数前指其全家人: The Chens will move to the country.

定冠词是特指的，不定冠词是泛指的。

冠词这部份知识点你要掌握的是1、a和an的区别

2、哪些情况下用the ，哪些情况下不用the

至于你问的定冠词和不定冠词的用法是问它们俩的区别呢还是整个冠词部分的知识点，如果是整个冠词的知识点内容就比较多了，我上面说的两点是重点内容，展开以后还包括小的知识点

1.如果是泛指时或者是第一次提到时，用不定冠词。 Voici une lettre pour toi.这封信是给你的。[第一次提到] J'ai des frères et soeurs. 我有兄弟姐妹。[不确指] 2.如果是确指的名词，前面要用定冠词，见以下几种情况： 1）表示前面已经提到过的人、物或者事情： Il y a une photo dans la lettre， la photo est belle. 信里有一张照片，这张照片真漂亮。 2）有关的名词已被其它的成份所限定： la famille de marie 玛丽的家庭 3）表示惟一的或者特指的人、物或者事情： le soleil 太阳， la Chine 中国 4）表示人或者事物的总体概念： Le vélo est très mode.脚踏车很方便。

冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。

不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于子音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于母音音素前，一般读做[en]。

1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

2) 代表一类人或物

A knife is a tool for cutting with.

Mr. Smith is an engineer.

定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

定冠词的用法:

1）特指双方都明白的人或物：

Take the medicine.　把药吃了。

2）上文提到过的人或事：

He bought a house.　I've been to the house.

他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3）指世上独一物二的事物：

the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth

4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;

the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。

5）用在序数词和形容词最高阶，及形容词only， very， same等前面：

Where do you live?　I live on the second floor.　 你住在哪？我住在二层。

That's the very thing I've been looking for.　 那正是我要找的东西。

6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：

They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)

They are teachers of this school.　 (指部分教师)

7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：

She caught me by the arm..　她抓住了我的手臂。

8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：

the People's Republic of China　 中华人民共和国

the United States　 美国

9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：　 She plays the piano.　她会弹钢琴。

10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：

the Greens　 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)

11) 用在惯用语中：

in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),　the day after tomorrow　

the day before yesterday,　the next morning,　

in the sky (water，field，country)　

in the dark,　in the rain,　in the distance,　

in the middle (of),　in the end,

on the whole,　by the way,　go to the theatre

上面是我在小马过河上课时学的，希望能够帮助到你，谢谢！

冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。

不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指。

不定冠词的用法

不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。"a"用在以子音开头的词前，"an"用在以母音

开头的词前。判断一个词是以母音开头还是以子音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。

定语从句和关系词有什么区别?

从用法来说，英文中的冒号（colon）一般不用做引出解释内容，这一点和中文不同，其它的用法是一样的（和引号一起来引出所说的内容）

从印刷格式（书写格式）来说，这两者是有区别的，一个是在半角状态下输入的（英文冒号），一个是在全角状态下输入的（中文）

希望帮到你！

定语从句及相关术语

1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

（序）

1 定语可以由形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．

定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句．

2 定语从句用来修饰名词，代词或整个主句．

3 定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。

4 定语从句存在的条件:先行词+关系词（有的版本作关联词）+从句

（一） 限定性定语从句

1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.

7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

（二）非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.

人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.

我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left.

刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3. 有时as也可用作关系代词

4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.

（三）关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人，在从句中做主语

(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend

3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.

如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.

4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

（四）注意

介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时

从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.

(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.

(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)

(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)

(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)

(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)

(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词

(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

（五）关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语

(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.

（六）判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）

（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

A. where B. that C. on which D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：

例1 D，例2 A

例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；

先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。

（七）介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

（八）先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)

（九as） which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

典型例题

1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it B. that C. which D. he

答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

答案B。

which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

A. that B. which C. as D. it

答案B.

as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。

As 的用法例

1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。

I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；

例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

（十）关系代词that 的用法

(1)不用that的情况

(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.

(b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

(a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

(b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

(c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。

(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.

(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。

(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．

(g) 为了避免重复．

(h)先行词是the way时

举例：

Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?

这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？

Who that break the window should be punished．

谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

（十一）难点分析

（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况

1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时

(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?

(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.

(3) All that can be done has been done.

(4) There is little that I can do for you.

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.

2. 当先行词被序数词修饰

(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

(1) This is the best film that I have seen.

4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时

(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,

(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.

当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？

5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时

(1) Who is the man that is standing there?

(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：

1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。

(1) He married her, as/which was natural.

(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.

2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思

(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.

(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.

(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.

注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which

(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.

3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as

(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.

(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.

(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.

她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。

(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.

(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

(1) There are very few but understand his idea.

( but= who don’t )

(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句

1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；

同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系

(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句

(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句

2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；

同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；

句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分

(1) The news he told me is true.

(2) The news that he has just died is true.

(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语

(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.

3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以

(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语

(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.

(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

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